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Jean-Sébastien
2022-02-21 20:42:13 +01:00
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- 2022-02-21 Mon 10:33 -->
<!-- 2022-02-21 Mon 20:41 -->
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Pre-Quantum Electrodynamics</title>
@@ -706,28 +706,41 @@ Table of contents
</summary>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_p.html#emsm_esm_p">Polarization</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.p</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_di.html#emsm_esm_di">Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.di</span>
</li>
<li>
<details>
<summary>
<a href="./emsm_esm_fpo.html#emsm_esm_fpo">The Field of a Polarized Object</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.fpo</span>
<a href="./emsm_esm_mE.html#emsm_esm_mE">Matter Bathed in E Fields; Polarization</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.mE</span>
</summary>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_fpo_pibc.html#emsm_esm_fpo_pibc">Physical Interpretation of Bound Charges</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.fpo.pibc</span>
<a href="./emsm_esm_mE_o.html#emsm_esm_mE_o">Overview</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.mE.o</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_fpo_fid.html#emsm_esm_fpo_fid">The Field Inside a Dielectric</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.fpo.fid</span>
<a href="./emsm_esm_mE_P.html#emsm_esm_mE_P">Polarization</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.mE.P</span>
</li>
</ul>
</details>
</li>
<li>
<details>
<summary>
<a href="./emsm_esm_po.html#emsm_esm_po">Polarized Objects; Bound Charges</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.po</span>
</summary>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_po_pibc.html#emsm_esm_po_pibc">Physical Interpretation of Bound Charges</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.po.pibc</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_po_fid.html#emsm_esm_po_fid">The Field Inside a Dielectric</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.po.fid</span>
</li>
@@ -750,18 +763,34 @@ Table of contents
</ul>
</details>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_di.html#emsm_esm_di">Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.di</span>
</li>
<li>
<details>
<summary>
<a href="./emsm_esm_di.html#emsm_esm_di">Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.di</span>
<a href="./emsm_esm_ld.html#emsm_esm_ld">Linear Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.ld</span>
</summary>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_di_ld.html#emsm_esm_di_ld">Linear Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.di.ld</span>
<a href="./emsm_esm_ld_sp.html#emsm_esm_ld_sp">Susceptibility, Permittivity, Dielectric Constant</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.ld.sp</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_ld_bvp.html#emsm_esm_ld_bvp">Boundary Value Problems with Linear Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.ld.bvp</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_ld_e.html#emsm_esm_ld_e">Energy in Dielectric Systems</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.ld.e</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_ld_f.html#emsm_esm_ld_f">Forces on Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.ld.f</span>
</li>
@@ -1609,14 +1638,14 @@ In one dimension, the potential is a single-variable
function \(\phi (x)\) and the Laplace equation reads
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="org725867f">
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgc3104bc">
<p>
<a id="Lap_1d"></a><a href="./ems_ca_fe_L.html#Lap_1d"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org2a0a535">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org7cf3c4b">
</div>
@@ -1631,14 +1660,14 @@ function \(\phi (x)\) and the Laplace equation reads
<p>
The solution to this is
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgc6b3d69">
<div class="eqlabel" id="org9c7d537">
<p>
<a id="Lap_1d_sol"></a><a href="./ems_ca_fe_L.html#Lap_1d_sol"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org95476d4">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org9c28632">
<ul class="org-ul">
<li>Gr (3.6)</li>
</ul>
@@ -1697,14 +1726,14 @@ In two dimensions, the potential becomes a function
of two variables (here: \(x\) and \(y\)), so Laplace's
equation now reads
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="org061811b">
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgcb6bc04">
<p>
<a id="Lap_2d"></a><a href="./ems_ca_fe_L.html#Lap_2d"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org4f02882">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="orgfa108be">
</div>
@@ -1757,14 +1786,14 @@ a point equals its value averaged over a sphere
\(S_R({\bf r})\) of any radius \(R\) centered on this point
(and of course not containing any charges),
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgdcc647d">
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgfa4a823">
<p>
<a id="p_ball_avg"></a><a href="./ems_ca_fe_L.html#p_ball_avg"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="orgce61baf">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org576e24c">
</div>
@@ -1776,8 +1805,8 @@ a point equals its value averaged over a sphere
\]
</p>
<details id="orge7969c9">
<summary id="org65097bb">
<details id="org6ed4b45">
<summary id="org088d2fd">
<strong>Physicist's proof</strong>
</summary>
<p>
@@ -1839,8 +1868,8 @@ proving the theorem.
</p>
</details>
<details id="orgf16a408">
<summary id="orgdc4e491">
<details id="orgb01e597">
<summary id="orgf937e13">
<strong>Formal proof</strong>
</summary>
@@ -1890,14 +1919,14 @@ we get the following general
<p>
<b>Theorem</b>:
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgb167571">
<div class="eqlabel" id="org5dbce0a">
<p>
<a id="dfdR_intLap"></a><a href="./ems_ca_fe_L.html#dfdR_intLap"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="orgb04c004">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org73f4d24">
</div>
@@ -1950,19 +1979,19 @@ are necessarily positive, we thus require \(f_x &gt; 0\), \(f_y &gt; 0\) and \(f
of the \(f_x + f_y + f_z = 0\) condition above.
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="org368f926">
<div class="eqlabel" id="org3cd4c43">
<p>
<a id="Earnshaw"></a><a href="./ems_ca_fe_L.html#Earnshaw"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="orgd8486b2">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org61c0e88">
</div>
</div>
<div class="info div" id="org74af865">
<div class="info div" id="org9b11c3d">
<p>
<b>Earnshaw's theorem (physical version)</b> <br>
</p>
@@ -2006,7 +2035,7 @@ One can explicitly verify this:
<p>
\[
{\boldsymbol \nabla}^2 V ({\bf r}) = \frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0} \int_{\mathbb{R}^3} d\tau' \rho({\bf r}') {\boldsymbol \nabla}^2 \frac{1}{|{\bf r} - {\bf r}'|}
{\boldsymbol \nabla}^2 \phi ({\bf r}) = \frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0} \int_{\mathbb{R}^3} d\tau' \rho({\bf r}') {\boldsymbol \nabla}^2 \frac{1}{|{\bf r} - {\bf r}'|}
= \frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0} \int_{\mathbb{R}^3} d\tau' (-4\pi) \delta ({\bf r} - {\bf r}') = -\frac{\rho ({\bf r})}{\varepsilon_0}.
\]
</p>
@@ -2081,7 +2110,7 @@ target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.
</div>
<div id="postamble" class="status">
<p class="author">Author: Jean-Sébastien Caux</p>
<p class="date">Created: 2022-02-21 Mon 10:33</p>
<p class="date">Created: 2022-02-21 Mon 20:41</p>
<p class="validation"></p>
</div>