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Update 2022-02-21 20:42

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Jean-Sébastien
2022-02-21 20:42:13 +01:00
parent 40679d39bc
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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<!-- 2022-02-21 Mon 10:33 -->
<!-- 2022-02-21 Mon 20:41 -->
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>Pre-Quantum Electrodynamics</title>
@@ -706,28 +706,41 @@ Table of contents
</summary>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_p.html#emsm_esm_p">Polarization</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.p</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_di.html#emsm_esm_di">Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.di</span>
</li>
<li>
<details>
<summary>
<a href="./emsm_esm_fpo.html#emsm_esm_fpo">The Field of a Polarized Object</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.fpo</span>
<a href="./emsm_esm_mE.html#emsm_esm_mE">Matter Bathed in E Fields; Polarization</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.mE</span>
</summary>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_fpo_pibc.html#emsm_esm_fpo_pibc">Physical Interpretation of Bound Charges</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.fpo.pibc</span>
<a href="./emsm_esm_mE_o.html#emsm_esm_mE_o">Overview</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.mE.o</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_fpo_fid.html#emsm_esm_fpo_fid">The Field Inside a Dielectric</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.fpo.fid</span>
<a href="./emsm_esm_mE_P.html#emsm_esm_mE_P">Polarization</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.mE.P</span>
</li>
</ul>
</details>
</li>
<li>
<details>
<summary>
<a href="./emsm_esm_po.html#emsm_esm_po">Polarized Objects; Bound Charges</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.po</span>
</summary>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_po_pibc.html#emsm_esm_po_pibc">Physical Interpretation of Bound Charges</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.po.pibc</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_po_fid.html#emsm_esm_po_fid">The Field Inside a Dielectric</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.po.fid</span>
</li>
@@ -750,18 +763,34 @@ Table of contents
</ul>
</details>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_di.html#emsm_esm_di">Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.di</span>
</li>
<li>
<details>
<summary>
<a href="./emsm_esm_di.html#emsm_esm_di">Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.di</span>
<a href="./emsm_esm_ld.html#emsm_esm_ld">Linear Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.ld</span>
</summary>
<ul>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_di_ld.html#emsm_esm_di_ld">Linear Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.di.ld</span>
<a href="./emsm_esm_ld_sp.html#emsm_esm_ld_sp">Susceptibility, Permittivity, Dielectric Constant</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.ld.sp</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_ld_bvp.html#emsm_esm_ld_bvp">Boundary Value Problems with Linear Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.ld.bvp</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_ld_e.html#emsm_esm_ld_e">Energy in Dielectric Systems</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.ld.e</span>
</li>
<li>
<a href="./emsm_esm_ld_f.html#emsm_esm_ld_f">Forces on Dielectrics</a><span class="headline-id">emsm.esm.ld.f</span>
</li>
@@ -1596,14 +1625,14 @@ Table of contents
In spherical coordinates, the Laplace equation takes the following form
(using <a href="./c_m_cs_sph.html#sph_Lap">sph_Lap</a>):
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="org5a10272">
<div class="eqlabel" id="org65131aa">
<p>
<a id="Lap_sph"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Lap_sph"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="orga5fe900">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org9505dde">
<ul class="org-ul">
<li>Gr (3.53)</li>
<li>W (11-86)</li>
@@ -1612,7 +1641,7 @@ In spherical coordinates, the Laplace equation takes the following form
</div>
</div>
<div class="main div" id="org2793267">
<div class="main div" id="org44c2561">
<p>
</p>
@@ -1629,14 +1658,14 @@ In spherical coordinates, the Laplace equation takes the following form
If you are dealing with a problem having <b>azimuthal symmetry</b>,
\(\phi\) is independent of \(\varphi\) and the equation simplifies to:
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="org7ecd5cd">
<div class="eqlabel" id="org23e776f">
<p>
<a id="Lap_sph_az"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Lap_sph_az"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="orga1bb43a">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org18a018d">
<ul class="org-ul">
<li>Gr (3.54)</li>
<li>W (11-87)</li>
@@ -1734,7 +1763,7 @@ This equation is solved by <b>Legendre polynomials</b> of the variable \(\cos \t
</p>
<div class="info div" id="orgf968dfc">
<div class="info div" id="org774527b">
<p>
<b>Legendre polynomials</b>
</p>
@@ -1755,14 +1784,14 @@ and conveniently defined (for trigonometric arguments) to obey the orthogonality
relationship (the reason for the normalization on the right-hand side will become clear later)
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="org019c756">
<div class="eqlabel" id="org6ce8771">
<p>
<a id="Leg_orth_trig"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Leg_orth_trig"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org06d3680">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org6c22d4f">
</div>
@@ -1777,14 +1806,14 @@ relationship (the reason for the normalization on the right-hand side will becom
<p>
This same relation can be more simply written by using the variable \(x = \cos \theta\),
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="org9f4bb2e">
<div class="eqlabel" id="org74bb3ba">
<p>
<a id="Leg_orth"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Leg_orth"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="orgd40cddf">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org263ba9a">
</div>
@@ -1802,14 +1831,14 @@ To get started, we need to define the "seed" polynomial (carrying label \(l=0\))
To make life easy, we set \(P_0 (x) = 1\). Higher polynomials are then sought in the
form of power series in \(x\). This leads to the first few Legendre polynomials being:
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgcd000d3">
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgbd5d2b0">
<p>
<a id="Leg_pols"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Leg_pols"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org891ea20">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org5185c40">
</div>
@@ -1829,14 +1858,14 @@ P_5 (x) &amp;= \frac{1}{8} (63x^5 - 70x^3 + 15x).
The prefactor (and thus the factor in the orthogonality relations <a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Leg_orth_trig">Leg_orth_trig</a> and the equivalent <a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Leg_orth">Leg_orth</a> is chosen for convenience such that each polynomial
takes the value \(1\) when evaluated at argument \(x = 1\),
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="org3cdaa4f">
<div class="eqlabel" id="orga96033c">
<p>
<a id="Pl_1_1"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Pl_1_1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org5e065fa">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org80478b8">
</div>
@@ -1852,14 +1881,14 @@ P_l(1) = 1
<p>
The Legendre polynomial \(P_l\) obeys the differential equation
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="org1d8f3f3">
<div class="eqlabel" id="orge58f014">
<p>
<a id="Leg_de_trig"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Leg_de_trig"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="orgfeff4f4">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org835a560">
</div>
@@ -1871,14 +1900,14 @@ The Legendre polynomial \(P_l\) obeys the differential equation
\]
or equivalently
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgdf7769c">
<div class="eqlabel" id="org020b606">
<p>
<a id="Leg_de"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Leg_de"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="orgc0f92d3">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org7f1e5f5">
</div>
@@ -1894,14 +1923,14 @@ or equivalently
A particularly convenient formula for deriving \(P_l(x)\)
is the <b>Rodrigues formula</b>:
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="org390eaf5">
<div class="eqlabel" id="org39d08de">
<p>
<a id="Rodrigues"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Rodrigues"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org560f648">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org3466cfc">
</div>
@@ -1917,14 +1946,14 @@ P_l(x) = \frac{1}{2^l l!} \left( \frac{d}{dx} \right)^l (x^2 - 1)^l
<p>
Actually, a more practical formula is <b>Bonnet's recursion relation</b>
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgf201529">
<div class="eqlabel" id="org261eba1">
<p>
<a id="Bonnet"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Bonnet"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="orgbd41fc0">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org4935a21">
</div>
@@ -1960,14 +1989,14 @@ We therefore come to the culmination of our efforts here, and write
the general solution to <i>any</i> problem with azimuthal symmetry
(for which the potential takes a finite value for \(\theta = 0, \pi\)) as
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgd6decd7">
<div class="eqlabel" id="org5c0965a">
<p>
<a id="Lap_sph_az_sol"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#Lap_sph_az_sol"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org308a2d8">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="orgc4aa897">
<ul class="org-ul">
<li>Gr (3.65)</li>
</ul>
@@ -1975,7 +2004,7 @@ the general solution to <i>any</i> problem with azimuthal symmetry
</div>
</div>
<div class="main div" id="org763ee04">
<div class="main div" id="org30c9d56">
<p>
\[
\phi(r,\theta) = \sum_{l=0}^{\infty} \left( A_l r^l + \frac{B_l}{r^{l+1}} \right) P_l (\cos \theta)
@@ -1987,7 +2016,7 @@ the general solution to <i>any</i> problem with azimuthal symmetry
<div class="example div" id="orgbcb0b5c">
<div class="example div" id="org5c8ad48">
<p>
<b>Example: potential inside a hollow sphere</b>
</p>
@@ -2070,7 +2099,7 @@ Thus, \(A_0 = k/2\), \(A_1 = -k/2\), and all others are zero, so
</div>
<div class="example div" id="org36b2422">
<div class="example div" id="orgf771342">
<p>
<b>Example: surface charge density on sphere</b>
</p>
@@ -2200,14 +2229,14 @@ A_1^i = \frac{k}{2\varepsilon_0} \int_0^\pi d\theta \sin \theta [P_l(\cos \theta
<p>
The potential inside/outside the sphere is then
</p>
<div class="eqlabel" id="org7ab7b21">
<div class="eqlabel" id="orgad7e330">
<p>
<a id="p_uni_ch_sph"></a><a href="./ems_ca_sv_sph.html#p_uni_ch_sph"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16">
<path d="M6.354 5.5H4a3 3 0 0 0 0 6h3a3 3 0 0 0 2.83-4H9c-.086 0-.17.01-.25.031A2 2 0 0 1 7 10.5H4a2 2 0 1 1 0-4h1.535c.218-.376.495-.714.82-1z"/>
<path d="M9 5.5a3 3 0 0 0-2.83 4h1.098A2 2 0 0 1 9 6.5h3a2 2 0 1 1 0 4h-1.535a4.02 4.02 0 0 1-.82 1H12a3 3 0 1 0 0-6H9z"/>
</svg></a>
</p>
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org49fc534">
<div class="alteqlabels" id="org4a3b506">
</div>
@@ -2240,7 +2269,7 @@ target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.
</div>
<div id="postamble" class="status">
<p class="author">Author: Jean-Sébastien Caux</p>
<p class="date">Created: 2022-02-21 Mon 10:33</p>
<p class="date">Created: 2022-02-21 Mon 20:41</p>
<p class="validation"></p>
</div>